Introduction to PHP

3. PHP Operators

Operators perform operations on variables.

• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %

• Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, /=

• Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

• Logical: &&, ||, !

• Bitwise, Increment/Decrement, Ternary Operators are also used.

4. PHP Control Structures

If-Else, Switch Case

if ($age >= 18) {
  echo "Adult";
} else {
  echo "Minor";
}

Switch case handles multiple conditions.

Loops (For, While, Do-While, Foreach)

Loops execute repeated code.

for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
  echo $i;
}

Break & Continue

break exits a loop, while continue skips an iteration.

5. PHP Functions

User-Defined Functions

Functions bundle code into reusable blocks.

function greet() {
  return "Hello";
}
echo greet();

Function Arguments & Return Values

Functions accept parameters and return values.

Variable Scope (Global, Local, Static)

Variables have different scopes based on where they are defined.

Recursive Functions

Functions calling themselves to solve problems.

6. PHP Arrays

Indexed, Associative, and Multidimensional Arrays

$fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Orange"];
echo $fruits[0]; // Apple

Associative arrays use keys, and multidimensional arrays store arrays inside arrays.

Array Functions

PHP offers functions like sort(), array_merge(), and array_filter().

7. PHP Strings

String Functions

Functions like strlen(), strpos(), str_replace() manipulate strings.

String Manipulation

Concatenation, substring extraction, and modification.

Regular Expressions in PHP

Pattern matching and string validation using preg_match().

8. PHP Superglobals

PHP provides predefined variables like $_GET, $_POST, $_SESSION, $_COOKIE, $_SERVER, and $_FILES.

9. PHP Forms Handling

Creating Forms & Form Validation

Handling user input securely.

GET vs POST Method

GET is used for URL parameters, POST for form submissions.

Handling User Input Securely

Sanitizing and validating data to prevent security threats.

10. PHP File Handling

Reading, Writing, and Appending Files

Using fopen(), fwrite(), fread() to manipulate files.

File Uploads & Security Measures

Ensuring secure file uploads using MIME type verification.

11. PHP Sessions & Cookies

Managing user sessions and cookies for authentication and personalization.

12. PHP and MySQL (Database Handling)

Connecting PHP to MySQL

Using mysqli_connect() or PDO.

Performing CRUD Operations

Create, Read, Update, Delete operations in MySQL.

Preventing SQL Injection

Using prepared statements and input validation.

Using PDO & MySQLi

PDO is a secure and flexible alternative to MySQLi.

13. PHP OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)

Understanding classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism in PHP.

14. PHP JSON & APIs

JSON Encoding & Decoding

Working with json_encode() and json_decode().

Working with REST APIs

Fetching and processing API responses.

cURL in PHP

Handling HTTP requests using cURL.

15. PHP Security Best Practices

Input validation, SQL Injection prevention, XSS protection, and password hashing.

16. PHP Frameworks (Advanced Level)

Introduction to Laravel, CodeIgniter, and Symfony.

17. PHP with AJAX & jQuery

Asynchronous data fetching and updating.

18. PHP and Email Handling

Sending secure emails using PHP mail and PHPMailer.

19. PHP Unit Testing

Writing test cases and using PHPUnit framework.

20. PHP Deployment & Hosting

Deploying PHP applications, version control with Git, and performance optimization.